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• "Revolutionary War Veteran and Widow Pensions," National Park Service. https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/revolutionary-war-veteran-and-widow-pensions.htm
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• "Facts about the Star-Spangled Banner," Smithsonian Institution. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/flag-day/banner-facts
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• "War of 1812 Quick Facts," American Battlefield Trust. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/war-of-1812-faqs

• "During the Mexican-American War, Irish-Americans Fought for Mexico in the 'Saint Patrick's Battalion'," Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/mexican-american-war-irish-immigrants-deserted-us-army-fight-against-america-180971713/
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• "Civil War Facts," American Battlefield Trust. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/civil-war-facts
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• "Emancipation Proclamation (1863)," National Archives, Milestone Documents. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/emancipation-proclamation
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• "Robert Smalls and the Planter," American Battlefield Trust. https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/robert-smalls-and-planter
• Smithsonian Magazine. "The Thrilling Tale of How Robert Smalls Heroically Sailed a Stolen Confederate Ship to Freedom." https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/thrilling-tale-how-robert-smalls-heroically-sailed-stolen-confederate-ship-freedom-180963689/
• "The Gettysburg Address," Abraham Lincoln Online. https://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm

• "Casualties of the Spanish American War," Spanish American War Centennial Site. https://www.spanamwar.com/casualties.htm
• "Clara Barton's 1898 Battles in Cuba: A Reexamination," Florida Atlantic University (Peralta). https://home.fau.edu/peralta/web/facs/clarabarton.pdf
• Clara Barton, A Story of the Red Cross (1904), ch. VIII, "Cuba
• Congressional Medal of Honor Society. "Theodore Roosevelt." https://www.cmohs.org/recipients/theodore-roosevelt.
• Cox, Samuel J. "H-018-5: Manila Bay." H-Gram 018, Naval History and Heritage Command, April 2018. https://www.history.navy.mil/about-us/leadership/director/directors-corner/h-grams/h-gram-018/h-018-5.html.
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• "Emilio Aguinaldo," Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emilio-Aguinaldo
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• Foral, Jim. "'Gatling Gun Parker' at the Battle of San Juan Hill." Warfare History Network. https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/gatling-gun-parker-at-the-battle-of-san-juan-hill/.
• Fuller, A. James. "Joseph Wheeler." Encyclopedia of Alabama, May 12, 2009; updated June 26, 2026. https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/joseph-wheeler/.
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• House Divided Project, Dickinson College. "Private Edward Galloway, USA, Injured at Fort Sumter, Dies in Hospital in Charleston, South Carolina." https://hd.housedivided.dickinson.edu/node/35921.
• "How Did the U.S. Pay For the Spanish American War?" Spanish American War Centennial Site. https://www.spanamwar.com/Finance.html
• "Interview with President McKinley" (James Rusling, Christian Advocate, Jan. 22, 1903), via Miami University "Empire and American Religion." https://sites.miamioh.edu/empire/files/2025/03/1899-Rusling-Interview-with-President-McKinley.pdf
• "Leonard Wood," Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonard-Wood
• Library of Congress. "Chronology." The World of 1898: International Perspectives on the Spanish American War. https://guides.loc.gov/world-of-1898/chronology.
• Library of Congress. "Mark Twain." The World of 1898: International Perspectives on the Spanish American War. https://guides.loc.gov/world-of-1898/mark-twain.
• "Major Walter Reed and the Eradication of Yellow Fever," Army Historical Foundation. https://armyhistory.org/major-walter-reed-and-the-eradication-of-yellow-fever/
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• Naval History and Heritage Command account of Santiago (already listed above)
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• Patricio Montojo, "Report of the Battle of Cavite," May 1, 1898. https://www.history.navy.mil/research/publications/documentary-histories/united-states-navy-s/the-battle-of-manila/admiral-patricio-mon.html
• PBS. "Crucible of Empire: The Spanish-American War." Timeline. https://www.pbs.org/crucible/tl4.html.
• Pedro Pascual, "Cuba, Puerto Rico y Filipinas. Las víctimas (muertos y heridos, 1868–1898)," Historia 16 24, no. 295 (Nov. 2000), as cited in Javier Márquez Quevedo, "Combatientes y repatriados canarios de la Guerra de Cuba, 1895–1898," Anuario de Estudios Atlánticos 56 (2010): 169–198. https://accedacris.ulpgc.es/bitstream/10553/58761/1/document.pdf
• Pitzer, Andrea. "Concentration Camps Existed Long Before Auschwitz." Smithsonian Magazine, November 2, 2017. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/concentration-camps-existed-long-before-Auschwitz-180967049/.
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• "Relative Monetary Costs of American Wars," Spanish American War Centennial Site. https://www.spanamwar.com/warcosts.htm
• Roosevelt, Franklin D. "Address at the Cornerstone Laying of the Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland." November 11, 1940. The American Presidency Project, edited by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/address-the-cornerstone-laying-the-naval-medical-center-bethesda-maryland.
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• "The Spanish American War Tax (1898–2006)?" Tax Foundation. https://taxfoundation.org/blog/spanish-american-war-tax-1898-2006/
• "The USS Maine explodes in Cuba's Havana Harbor," History.com. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/february-15/the-maine-explodes
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• Thompson, Marcus J. "Revisiting the U.S. Capture of Guam during the Spanish-American War." Naval History and Heritage Command. https://www.history.navy.mil/browse-by-topic/wars-conflicts-and-operations/spanish-american-war/us-capture-of-guam.html.
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• University of Nebraska–Lincoln. "San Juan Heights." Cuban Battlefields of the Spanish-Cuban-American War. https://cubanbattlefields.unl.edu/battlefields/San_Juan_Heights.html.
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• 50 U.S.C. § 33 and note (1998 ed.), via Justia. https://law.justia.com/codes/us/1998/title50/chap4/sec31/
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• Ayres, Leonard P. The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1919. https://archive.org/details/warwithgermanyst00ayreuoft.
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• Congressional Medal of Honor Society. "Edward Vernon Rickenbacker." https://www.cmohs.org/recipients/edward-v-rickenbacker.
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• PBS NewsHour, "What to know about the Supreme Court ruling on Trump's tariffs" (Feb. 20, 2026). https://www.pbs.org/newshour/amp/politics/what-to-know-about-the-supreme-court-ruling-on-trumps-tariffs
• PBS NewsHour, DIA report "set back by months." https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/new-u-s-intelligence-report-suggests-irans-nuclear-program-only-set-back-by-months-after-strikes
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• PBS NewsHour, shootings by federal immigration officers. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/a-look-at-shootings-by-federal-immigration-officers
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• PBS NewsHour/AP, Sri Lanka recovers 87 bodies. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/sri-lanka-recovers-87-bodies-from-iranian-warship-sunk-off-its-coast-by-u-s-submarine
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• Reuters via AOL, daughter and grandchild killed. https://www.aol.com/articles/daughter-grandchild-irans-khamenei-killed-003823212.html
• RFE/RL via GlobalSecurity, memorandum signed (June 18, 2026). https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/iran/2026/06/iran-260618-rferl01.htm
• RFE/RL, Khamenei obituary.
• RFE/RL, State of the Union. https://www.rferl.org/a/trump-state-of-the-union-iran-ukraine/33687631.html
• RFE/RL. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-us-nuclear-talks-trump/33688743.html
• Richard F. Grimmett, War Powers Resolution: Presidential Compliance, CRS RL33532 (2012). https://www.everycrsreport.com/reports/RL33532.html
• Roll Call (May 1, 2026).
• Roll Call Factbase transcript. https://rollcall.com/factbase/trump/transcript/donald-trump-vlog-iran-attack-announcement-february-28-2026/
• Roll Call, war powers votes (July 23, 2026). https://rollcall.com/2026/07/23/23warpowersvote/
• RUSI, "Operation Days of Repentance." https://www.rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/operation-days-repentance-impact-israels-strikes-iran
• Seattle Times/NYT, Romney and Netanyahu. https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/shared-experiences-link-romney-and-israelis-netanyahu/
• Sen. Tommy Tuberville (reprinting Fox News), "Hegseth was 'incredibly talented, battle-proven leader,' military evaluations show." https://www.tuberville.senate.gov/newsroom/in-the-news/fox-news-hegseth-was-incredibly-talented-battle-proven-leader-military-evaluations-show/
• Stars and Stripes, destroyers attacked (May 7, 2026). https://www.stripes.com/theaters/middle_east/2026-05-07/us-forces-iran-missiles-drones-21606879.html
• Stars and Stripes, Ford in the Mediterranean (Feb. 20, 2026). https://www.stripes.com/branches/navy/2026-02-20/ford-middle-east-mediterranean-iran-20813486.html
• Stars and Stripes, Senate confirms Hegseth (Jan. 24, 2025). https://www.stripes.com/theaters/us/2025-01-24/hegseth-senate-vote-defense-secretary-16592275.html
• State Department, "Completion of UN Sanctions Snapback on Iran." https://www.state.gov/releases/office-of-the-spokesperson/2025/09/completion-of-un-sanctions-snapback-on-iran
• Stephen Semler, Popular Information (July 8, 2026). https://popular.info/p/cost-of-iran-war-120-days
• Talking Points Memo, axe incident. https://talkingpointsmemo.com/livewire/pete-hegseth-jeff-prosperie-axe
• Task & Purpose (Nov. 15, 2024).
• Task & Purpose (Sept. 23, 2026).
• Task & Purpose, colonel recounts rescue. https://taskandpurpose.com/news/f-15e-iran-rescue-interview/
• Time (July 20, 2026).
• Time, "Spirit Airlines Shuts Down Due to Iran War Fuel Crisis" (May 2, 2026). https://time.com/article/2026/05/02/spirit-airlines-shuts-down-iran-war-fuel/
• Time, "The U.S.-Iran War: By the Numbers" (June 21, 2026). https://time.com/article/2026/06/21/the-toll-of-the-u-s--iran-war-by-the-numbers/
• Time, House vote cancelled (May 22, 2026). https://time.com/article/2026/05/22/democrats-criticize-house-republicans-for-canceling-war-powers-vote-trump/
• Time, Larijani killed (Mar. 17, 2026). https://time.com/article/2026/03/17/israel-reports-killing-iranian-security-official-ali-larijani-gholamreza-soleimani/
• Time, U.S. service members killed and wounded (July 20, 2026). https://time.com/article/2026/07/20/us-service-members-killed-wounded-iran-war-casualties/
• Times of Israel liveblog (Sept. 26, 2026). https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-september-26-2026/
• Times of Israel, "Lion's Roar." https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israel-names-its-operation-against-iran-lions-roar/
• Times of Israel, "Masoud Pezeshkian: from heart surgeon..." https://www.timesofisrael.com/masoud-pezeshkian-from-heart-surgeon-to-irans-new-reformist-president-elect/
• Times of Israel, "When the prime ministers took down the hijackers." https://www.timesofisrael.com/when-the-prime-ministers-took-down-the-hijackers/
• Times of Israel, 181 missiles. https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-warns-of-consequences-after-iran-launches-181-missiles-in-major-attack/
• Times of Israel, full text of Netanyahu's Feb. 28 message. https://www.timesofisrael.com/full-text-of-netanyahus-message-as-israel-us-strike-iran-we-will-remove-existential-threat/
• Times of Israel, further talks. https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-iran-said-to-agree-to-further-talks-next-week-as-mediator-claims-progress/
• Times of Israel, Grossi on Isfahan. https://www.timesofisrael.com/un-nuclear-chief-irans-highly-enriched-uranium-likely-still-buried-at-isfahan-site/
• Times of Israel, half of launchers intact. https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-intelligence-said-to-assess-around-half-of-irans-missile-launchers-still-intact/
• Times of Israel, Hegseth "not endless." https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hegseth-says-military-campaign-against-iran-not-endless-hails-us-israeli-cooperation/
• Times of Israel, Herzog and plea deal. https://www.timesofisrael.com/herzog-pushes-for-new-plea-deal-talks-says-he-wont-consider-netanyahu-pardon-request-yet/
• Times of Israel, talks end after 21 hours. https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-iran-talks-in-pakistan-end-after-21-hours-with-no-deal-us-negotiators-leave/
• Times of Israel, US strikes Natanz (Mar. 21, 2026). https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-said-to-strike-irans-natanz-enrichment-site-idf-hits-missile-production-sites/
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• U.S. Treasury SM824 (Nov. 4, 2019).
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• Ynet (Sept. 28, 2024). https://www.ynetnews.com/article/byfrvds0a

All sixteen maps were drawn for this book in grayscale from public-domain data. Historical lines were plotted from the treaty terms cited in the chapters and simplified to book scale.

• Base cartography (coastlines, rivers, lakes, modern boundaries, place coordinates): Natural Earth, versions 5.x, 1:10m and 1:50m cultural and physical vectors, public domain. https://www.naturalearthdata.com/
• Map 1 (Native land, 1784–1890): U.S. Forest Service, "Tribal Ceded Lands" (S_USA.TribalCededLands, cession polygons) and "Tribal Ceded Lands Table" (S_USA.TribalCededLandsTable, treaty dates and citations), FSGeodata Clearinghouse, derived from Charles C. Royce, Indian Land Cessions in the United States (Bureau of American Ethnology, 18th Annual Report, pt. 2, 1899); U.S. government work, public domain. https://data.fs.usda.gov/geodata/edw/datasets.php
• Map 2 (named Indian wars): sites, dates, and routes taken from chapter 1's text; routes approximate.
• Map 3 (1775/1783): Royal Proclamation of Oct. 7, 1763 (line along the Appalachian divide); Treaty of Paris, Sept. 3, 1783, art. 2 (Mississippi, Great Lakes, 45th parallel, 31st parallel); West Florida's 32°28′ line from the 1764 order in council.
• Map 4 (1812): Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 24, 1814 (status quo ante); Louisiana Purchase treaty, Apr. 30, 1803; Convention of 1818 for the 49th-parallel line (shown dashed as undefined in 1812); West Florida annexation proclamation, Oct. 27, 1810.
• Map 5 (Mexican-American War): Republic of Texas boundary act, Dec. 19, 1836; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848, art. V; Gadsden Treaty, Dec. 30, 1853, art. I; Oregon Treaty, June 15, 1846.
• Map 6 (Civil War): secession ordinances, Dec. 1860–June 1861; West Virginia statehood proclamation, June 20, 1863; Nevada statehood proclamation, Oct. 31, 1864.
• Map 7 (Spanish-American War): Treaty of Paris, Dec. 10, 1898, arts. I–III; Newlands Resolution (Hawaii), July 7, 1898; Tripartite Convention (Samoa), Dec. 2, 1899; German-Spanish treaty of Feb. 12, 1899 (Carolines, Marianas, Palau).
• Map 8 (WWI): Treaties of Versailles (June 28, 1919), Saint-Germain (Sept. 10, 1919), Neuilly (Nov. 27, 1919), Trianon (June 4, 1920), Rapallo (Nov. 12, 1920), Riga (Mar. 18, 1921), and Lausanne (July 24, 1923). Kars district shown Russian in 1914 (Russian since 1878).
• Maps 9–10 (WWII): Potsdam Agreement, Aug. 2, 1945 (Oder–Neisse line, Königsberg); Soviet annexations of 1939–45 as of the 1947 Paris peace treaties; Churchill's "iron curtain" speech, Fulton, Mar. 5, 1946; Treaty of San Francisco, Sept. 8, 1951, art. 2; General Order No. 1, Aug. 1945 (38th parallel). Japanese 1942 advance line approximate.
• Map 11 (Korea): Korean Armistice Agreement, July 27, 1953, and its annexed map of the military demarcation line; Pusan perimeter and the November 1950 line from the U.S. Army's official history, Policy and Direction: The First Year (1972).
• Map 12 (Vietnam): Geneva Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam, July 20, 1954, art. 1 (Ben Hai River/17th parallel); reunification proclaimed July 2, 1976.
• Maps 13–16 (Gulf, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran): modern boundaries; northern no-fly zone (36° N) from April 1991, southern (32° N) from Aug. 27, 1992; Durand Line agreement of Nov. 12, 1893; Kurdistan Region per the Iraqi constitution of 2005, art. 117; ISIS extent approximate, from Institute for the Study of War control maps, 2014–15.